Theology in the Chronicles of Narnia the Lion the Witch...

RELAMPAGOS, Nicola Liane C. POSADAS, Klarizze FINAL PROJECT: The Chronicles of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the first book in the Chronicles of Narnia series written by CS Lewis. The book series was such a great success that in 2008, the first book was turned into a film. What many people may not realize is that CS Lewis wrote the book series with a specific goal in mind: to showcase the word of God to different parts of the world through an artistic lens. This paper will focus on the theological nature of CS Lewis’ book based film, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. This will include a number of noticeable parallelisms, allusions and symbolisms found in†¦show more content†¦Lastly, the four children (Lucy, Edmund, Peter and Suzan) are human beings. They represent four different kinds of people who have different encounters with God. For Peter, he is the skeptical type of Christian. One who is doubtful by how God can use him to help build God’s kingdom, yet at times he forgets that it is only Christ who can defeat evil and not by his strength alone. Edmund is the type of Christian who has sinned and fallen short many times along the road before choosing to love and follow Christ. While Suzan is the type of Christian who has consistently doubted whether or not Christ, even really exists before fully trusting God with the things that don’t seem to make sense. Lastly, Lucy repre sents the Christians who just love, follow and dedicate their lives to Christ without hesitation and without doubt. Lucy’s childlikeness showcases how Christians should love and trust Christ with our lives. Since the four children can be seen as symbolisms of human beings, their relationship with Aslan shows a lot about the grace, mercy and overall character of God. One of the main examples where this is seen is the grace that Aslan showed to Edmund who was a traitor. Despite Edmunds’ choice to prioritize Turkish delight over his family and his right as one of the king of Narnia, Aslan still accepted Edmund into his army and not only that Edmund still inherited the kingdom of Narnia not by his own works but by Aslan’sShow MoreRelated The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Essay2731 Words   |  11 Pages The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is the first of several novels in the C.S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia. These books tell stories of another universe that is called Narnia. Here there are many unearthly things from talking animals and evil witches. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is the story of four young siblings who discover this new world by entering a wardrobe. Little did they know, they were destined to become the new royalty of Narnia but only after going through many battlesRead More The Childlike and Biblical Connotations in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe1995 Words   |  8 PagesThe Childlike and Biblical Connotations in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe       Throughout his writing career, CS Lewis has been known for writing many books with a hint of biblical connotations in them. As Kathryn Lindskoog states, CS Lewis is known for opposing the spirit of modern thought with the unpopular Christian doctrines of sin and evil (2083). Lewis himself has said, You never know how much you really believe anything until its truth or falsehood becomes a matter ofRead MoreEssay on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis2922 Words   |  12 PagesC.S. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, Lewis emphasizes the three points of philosophy, themes, and symbolism throughout his writing. Lewis was a strong Christian man, and wanted to make children see and understand all the stories of the Bible. Therefore, he put Christian elements through his books, but with fantasy characters as well. Especially in this story, Lewis conveys the differences between good and evil. Aslan is represented as Christ just as the White Witc h represents the senseRead MoreAn Analysis of the Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Chronicles of Narnia are veritably the most popular writings of C.S. Lewis. They are known as children’s fantasy literature, and have found favor in older students and adults alike, even many Christian theologians enjoy these stories from Lewis; for there are many spiritual truths that one can gleam from them, if familiar with the Bible. However, having said this, it is noteworthy to say that Lewis did not scribe these Chronicles for allegorical didactics of the Christian faith, but wrote themRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Chronicles Of Narnia 1576 Words   |  7 PagesClive Staples Lewis, although his name avowed around the world, his literary works are exceedingly identifiable to the common household. There are few children who have yet to experience the mystical land in â€Å"The Chronicles of Narnia† and numerous scholars who have dissected the à ¢â‚¬Å"Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature†. Having written over thirty published works by his death in 1963, Lewis has explored close to every genre of literature. (CSLEWIS.COM) Referred to as one of the intellectualRead More Christianity and The Chronicles of Narnia Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesChristianity and The Chronicles of Narnia      Ã‚  Ã‚   C. S. Lewis, a well-known author and apologist, is best known by people of all ages for his seven volume series entitled The Chronicles of Narnia. As Lewis wrote about the land of Narnia, an imaginary world visited by children of this world, he had two obvious purposes: to entertain the readers and to suggest analogies of the Christian faith. Although some feel that his stories are violent, Lewis is successful atRead MoreThe Lewis s Place As A Twentieth Century Writer1286 Words   |  6 Pageswas not only able to inspire the Christians of his time, but he was able to cause social change by addressing the issues of his time through literature. As seen in many of his works, such as The Abolition of Man, The Problem of Pain, and, The Chronicles of Narnia, Lewis used to the influence he had over his readers to advocate for the important problems with society during the 20th century. This included, the quality of education in schools, evangelical teaching, and children’s books. His original andRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesspiritually strong. While the Puritans were one of the first groups to create a large body of childrens books, their doctrine of original sin assumed that all children were damned until they were converted to Christianity. A less harsh version of Puritan theology for children is found in John Bunyans A Book for Boys and Girls (1686), a collection poems or divine emblems drawn from nature. Bunyans religious allegory Pilgrims Progress (1678) was not written specifically for children but was quickly produced

The Effect Of Peroxynitrite And Nitrating Agents On...

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is a well known potent oxidant and nitrating agent that is formed through the interaction of (NO†¢) with superoxide ion (O2†¢-) and its production is allied to the superoxide sources (for instance mitochondrial respiratory complexes or NAD(P)H oxidases present on plasma membrane) because superoxide is a shorter lived species and also shows constrained diffusion across biological membranes whereas NO†¢ is quite stable and extremely diffusible free radical. In vivo, the rate of production in particular organelles (such as phagocytic vacuoles in macrophages) is very high as 50–100 ÃŽ ¼M per min. The ability of peroxynitrite to cross cell membranes despite of having short half-life at physiological pH (~10 ms) suggested that peroxynitrite formed could persuade adjoining target cells within one to two cell diameters (~5–20 ÃŽ ¼m) (Denicola et al., 1998). The decomposition of peroxynitrite occur via proton-catalyzed manner to form OH †¢ and NO2†¢ radicals in hydrophobic phases and initiates lipid peroxidation (Radi et al., 1991; Bartesaghi et al., 2006). Peroxynitrite can either oxidize or nitrate different biological molecules like thiols, tyrosine residues in proteins and phospholipids having unsaturated fatty acids. Radicals derived through peroxynitrite carries out one-electron reactions, form sulphilic and sulphonic acid derivatives (Quijano et al., 1997; Bonini and Augusto, 2001). Purine bases, present in DNA, are susceptible to oxidation and adduct formation

Burton Snowboards free essay sample

In what ways does Burton Snowboards create utility for its different types of customers? Burton create utility for people who would like to enjoy a different type of activity in the snowing environment: †¢ Form utility: Burton took the idea of building the snowboard from snurfer which use to be received as a toy modify its concept to create a snowboard that can be perceived as a winter sport activity. †¢ Time utility: Burton’s snowboards products are available for people who enjoy snowboarding during the winter and snowing season which are suitable for snowboarding in ski mountains. Place utility: Burton made alliance with ski resorts to provide he snowboarding activity in ski mountains when the customers want to try different kind of winter sport. †¢ Ownership utility: Burton snowboard sells snowboard for the customers who like snowboarding activity around the world through a network of 3000 dealers sells the product. How can event marketing help Burton expand the customer base for its products? Burton conducts event marketing to allow people to try out the products for free; this will give the people to have an actual experience of the product and the activity that stays in the people’s memory, also the old customers can be invited and can give testimonies for the people about the product this is a good way to deliver the message about the product and increase the awareness as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Burton Snowboards or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Burton runs about 400 demos around the word, these demos can maximize the audience involvement and interaction, so people remember and recall the product later at the time of buying. Suggest additional ways Burton snowboards marketers can use the Internet to more effectively build relationships and market their products? Burton snowboard can use the email newsletters to communicate with the existent customer and interested customers as well. It helps to provide an update about the company’s events and new products introduced. Customers will be kept updated about the company occasionally about the latest news, announcements or promotions. Blog is a great tool to provide two ways communications with the customers and people that share similar interests; Burton can recruit bloggers to write blogs about the events and products or any articles about the industry, and let the people response to them and share their ideas and inquiries. Burtons can join famous social network such as Facebook and twitter and allow many fans to join them this will enable burtons to update their fans about the event, offers, products, services and discuss related matters between fans. Relationship marketing is key to Burton’s success. Suggest two or three steps that the firm should be consider taking during the next five years to further enhance its relationships with the consumers and ski resorts? Burtons should take advantage of the best technology to easily keep track of business partners and customers preferences; this will help to identify key sales processes and provide ideas about the marketing plans for the existent customers and partners. Burtons should invest in its employees, training them to develop their interpersonal skills to deal with practical details of customers and their ability to handle complains and problems in order to exceed customer expectations about the services quality presented. Burtons can provide some sort of loyalty program for the existent customers to reward and motivate them to deal more with the company; this will enhance their relationship with the company and retain them at a lower cost of marketing.

Where You Going Where Have You Been Essay Example For Students

Where You Going Where Have You Been? Essay The Devils Favorite Sin: VanityIn Where are You Going, Where Have you Been? Joyce Carol Oates uses an allegorical figure of evil to illustrate the theme of temptation. Oates alludes to hell through the character Arnold Friend, as the devil, and his victim Connie, who invites him in by committing one of the devils favorites sins: vanity.The narrator implies that Arnold Friend is Satan by giving certain clues that the reader can easily deduce. The name that Oates gives to the character is one hint to the reader: Connie looked away from Friends smile to the car, which was painted so bright it almost hurt her eyes to look at it. She looked at the name, Arnold Friend. She looked at it for a while as if the words meant something to her that she did not yet know (583). The name friend was commonly used by the Protestants to refer to evil or the devil. We will write a custom essay on Where You Going Where Have You Been? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Moreover, Arnold Friends appearance also hints that he is Satan: There were two boys in the car and now she recognizes the driver: he had shaggy, shabby black hair that looked as a crazy wig(583). The narrator emphasizes the wig to make the reader think that he is wearing it for a purpose, which is hide his devils horns. Also, the fact that Arnold Friends eyes are covered is another stragedy use by Oates to confirm the assumption of the diabolic presence: He took off the sunglasses and she saw how pale the skin around his eyes was it, like holes that were not in shadow but instead in light. His eyes were chips of broken glass that catch the light in an amiable way (584). In this quote, Oates suggests that Arnold Friend is hiding something more than an evil look; he is hiding his own satanic appearance. Besides Arnold Friend physical appearance, which makes the reader assume that his character is not a human being, Oates gives him supernatural powers that a normal person could not have. One example of this is the power that he has over Connie; he knows everything that involves her: Just for a ride, Connie sweetheart. Arnold Friend says. I never said that my name was Connie, she said. And he replies: But I know what it is. I know your name and all about you, a lots of things, Arnold Friend said (584-585). The security of Arnold Friend words gives to reader the impression that he has been watching her closely and all the time without her knowing it or noticing it. This confirms the readers hypothesis that Friends is Satan. Moreover, when Connie tries to hide from him in her house, Arnold manipulates her into leaving the house simply by telling her what to do, like a puppeteer and his puppet: You wont want your family to get hurt. Now get up all by yourself. Now turn this way. Thats right. Come over here to me. Now come out through the kitchen to me honey and lets see a smile, try it, you are brave sweet little girl(591). Oates makes the reader infer that Satans only way to make her comes out is by using his demon powers, because the devil cannot get into your house unless you have invited him in. Therefore, he uses his power to hypnotize Connies and to make her do what he wants to, which is take her to the inferno with him. The last hint that Oates gives to the reader is the behavior of Connie and her family. Connie tempts the devil by committing the sin of vanity. The narrator shows how Connies vain is one of the main factors that influences the devils appearance: She was fifteen and she had a quick nervous giggling habit of craning her neck to glance into mirrors, or checking other peoples faces to make sure her own was all right (579). .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .postImageUrl , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:hover , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:visited , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:active { border:0!important; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:active , .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9 .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5dba6c60de9a89e8b69b05fdf67fb8d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation Essay This quote makes the reader visualize a girl that thinks only of her appearance. Oats begins this story with this quote to emphasize the main cause of the fatal end of Connies life. Also, the familys lack of religious: One Sunday Connie got up at

The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and Its Aftermath

The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and Its Aftermath The Great Chicago Fire destroyed a major American city, making it one of the most destructive disasters of the 19th century. A Sunday night blaze in a barn quickly spread, and for approximately 30 hours the flames roared through Chicago, consuming hastily constructed neighborhoods of immigrant housing as well as the citys business district. From the evening of October 8, 1871, until the early hours of Tuesday, October 10, 1871, Chicago was essentially defenseless against the enormous fire.  Thousands of homes were reduced to cinders, along with hotels, department stores, newspapers, and government offices. At least 300 people were killed. The cause of the fire has always been disputed. A local rumor, that Mrs. OLeary’s cow started the blaze by kicking over a lantern is probably not true. But that legend stuck in the public mind and holds fast to this day. What is true is that the fire did start in a barn owned by the OLeary family, and the flames, whipped by strong winds, quickly moved onward from that point. A Long Summer Drought The summer of 1871 was very hot, and the city of Chicago suffered under a brutal drought. From early July to the outbreak of the fire in October less than three inches of rain fell on the city, and most of that was in brief showers. The heat and lack of sustained rainfall put the city in a precarious position as Chicago consisted almost entirely of wooden structures. Lumber was plentiful and cheap in the American Midwest in the mid-1800s, and Chicago was essentially built of timber. Construction regulations and fire codes were widely ignored. Large sections of the city housed poor immigrants in shabbily constructed shanties, and even the houses of more prosperous citizens tended to be made of wood. A sprawling city virtually made of wood drying out in a prolonged drought inspired fears at the time. In early September, a month before the fire, the city’s most prominent newspaper, the Chicago Tribune, criticized the city for being made of â€Å"firetraps,† adding that many structures were â€Å"all sham and shingles.† Part of the problem was that Chicago had grown quickly and had not endured a history of fires. New York City, for instance, which had undergone its own great fire in 1835, had learned to enforce building and fire codes. The Fire Began in OLearys Barn On the night before the great fire, another major fire broke out that was battled by all the city’s fire companies. When that blaze was brought under control it seemed that Chicago had been saved from a major disaster. And then on Sunday night, October 8, 1871, a fire was spotted in a barn owned by an Irish immigrant family named OLeary. Alarms were sounded, and a fire company which had just returned from battling the previous nights fire responded. There was considerable confusion in dispatching other fire companies, and valuable time was lost. Perhaps the fire at the OLeary barn could have been contained if the first company responding had not been exhausted, or if other companies had been dispatched to the correct location. Within a half-hour of the first reports of the fire at OLearys barn, the fire had spread to nearby barns and sheds, and then to a church, which was quickly consumed in flame. At that point, there was no hope of controlling the inferno, and the fire began its destructive march northward toward the heart of Chicago. The legend took hold that the fire had started when a cow being milked by Mrs. OLeary had kicked over a kerosene lantern, igniting hay in the OLeary barn. Years later a newspaper reporter admitted to having made up that story, but to this day the legend of Mrs. OLearys cow endures. The Fire Spread The conditions were perfect for the fire to spread, and once it went beyond the immediate neighborhood of OLearys barn it accelerated quickly. Burning embers landed on furniture factories and grain storage elevators, and soon the blaze began to consume everything in its path. Fire companies tried their best to contain the fire, but when the city’s waterworks were destroyed the battle was over. The only response to the fire was to try to flee, and tens of thousands of Chicagos citizens did. It has been estimated that a quarter of the city’s approximately 330,000 residents took to the streets, carrying what they could in a mad panic. A massive wall of flame 100 feet high advanced through city blocks. Survivors told harrowing stories of strong winds pushed by the fire-spewing burning embers so that it looked as if it was raining fire. By the time the sun rose on Monday morning, large parts of Chicago were already burned to the ground. Wooden buildings had simply disappeared into piles of ash. Sturdier buildings of brick or stone were charred ruins. The fire burned throughout Monday. The inferno was finally dying out when the rain began on Monday evening, finally extinguishing the last of the flames in the early hours of Tuesday. The Aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire The wall of flame that destroyed the center of Chicago leveled a corridor about four miles long and more than a mile wide. The damage to the city was nearly impossible to comprehend. Virtually all government buildings were burned to the ground, as were the newspapers, hotels, and any just about any major business. There were stories that many priceless documents, including letters of  Abraham Lincoln, were lost in the fire. And its believed that original negatives of classic portraits of Lincoln taken by Chicago photographer Alexander Hesler were lost. Approximately 120 bodies were recovered, but it was estimated that more than 300 people died. Its believed that many bodies were entirely consumed by the intense heat. The cost of destroyed property was estimated at $190 million. More than 17,000 buildings were destroyed, and more than 100,000 people were left homeless. News of the fire traveled quickly by telegraph, and within days newspaper artists and photographers descended upon the city, recording the massive scenes of destruction. Chicago Was Rebuilt After the Great Fire Relief efforts were mounted, and the US Army took control of the city, placing it under martial law. Cities in the east sent contributions, and even President Ulysses S. Grant sent $1,000 from his personal funds to the relief effort. While the Great Chicago Fire was one of the major disasters of the 19th century and a profound blow to the city, the city was rebuilt fairly quickly. And with the rebuilding came better construction and much stricter fire codes. Indeed, the bitter lessons of Chicagos destruction affected how other cities were managed. And while the story of Mrs. OLeary and her cow persists, the real culprits were simply a long summer drought and a sprawling city built of wood. Sources Carson, Thomas and Mary R. Bonk.  Chicago Fire of 1871. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History: Vol.1. Detroit: Gale, 1999. 158-160.  Gale Virtual Reference Library.

History and Political Science - Critical Summary Essay

History and Political Science - Critical Summary - Essay Example In other words, Canada’s existing electoral system sets an issue of injustice giving the majority of seats to parties that do not represent the will of the voters. The particular view seems fully justified, having in mind that the actual role of elections is to reflect the citizens’ view in regard to the practices of their government; in addition, through the elections citizens can promote their claims for the replacement of persons who have the responsibility for critical governmental decisions. At the next level, it is made clear that the MMP system is often preferred because of its ability to set a balance between the traditional and modern electoral systems (Charlton and Baker 233); this means that the particular system does not lead to radical, and unexpected, changes on a country’s electoral system. The specific characteristic of the MMP system is quite important, guaranteeing the lack of political and social turbulences in the countries that it is first es tablished. Two different views are analyzed. According to the first view, supported by Hiemstra and Jansen, democracy ensures that the government of a state, where democracy applies, represents the majority of people (Charlton & Baker 234). This means, according to the above researchers, that ‘each vote counts’ (Charlton & Baker 234); also, this means that the structure of the House of Commons is aligned with the will of the majority of voters; in the context of Canada’s existing electoral system, there is no such issue (Charlton & Baker 234). The representatives of parties in House of Commons have not, necessarily, attracted the majority of votes. Moreover, it is noted that the MMP system is used in most countries internationally; there would be no reason for Canada to be excluded. Another important disadvantage of the plurality system, the Canada’s existing electoral system, is the limitation of oppositions in a country’s parliamentary body; in th is way, the accountability of the government for its decisions can become unfeasible (Charlton & Baker 236). In general, the plurality system is considered as threatening the democracy (Charlton & Baker 236) and for this reason its replacement by MMP is suggested. There is also the opposite view, supported by N. Wiseman (University of Toronto); according to N. Wiseman, who is a professor of political science, the plurality system guarantees democracy; in fact, it is noted that Canada, due to its current electoral system, is considered as ‘part of an elite group of states that are full democracies’ (Charlton & Baker 248). At the next level, Wiseman notes that the change of Canada’s existing electoral system has been already discussed; it is noted that in 1920s the specific issue was brought before the Parliament for discussion; after a thorough examination of the potential advantages and disadvantages of a PR system, it was held that the country’s electoral system should remain the same (Charlton & Baker 248). Also, reference is made to Canada’s cultural characteristics; it is explained that specific parts of the population, as for example, aboriginals are not expected to participate in elections if these are organized at national level (Charlton & Baker 253). This means that many people in Canada who are loyal to their traditions

Marketing Across Cultures (details see instruction) Essay

Marketing Across Cultures (details see instruction) - Essay Example The company, prior to Turkish entry, must be considerate of religious practices of Turkish consumers, the available infrastructure for distribution, the prevalence of competing food producers, the cultural characteristics of the society, economic conditions in the state, and available mediums in the country for promotion. 2.0 Expansion strategy In current Turkish society, 98 percent of consumers are Muslim, representing 73.6 million consumers in the country (Pew Forum 2009). This is a very large market and adherents to the Muslim religion have extremely strict food consumption expectations that are aligned with the divine teachings of the Quran. Muslim consumers consider certain foods to be najis, which means an inability to purify and make suitable for consumption against religious doctrine (Bearman, Banquis, Bosworth, Donzel and Heinrichs 2005). An example of banned foods in the Muslim diet include pork, as this animal is considered a scavenger and harbours known pathogens that, wh en consumed, would defile the body with its lack of cleanliness (Riaz and Chaudry 2004). It does not matter in the case of pork-containing products whether the animal has been slaughtered according to religious doctrine or processed as a secondary ingredient in any food product, it will not be consumed by Muslim adherents, which in the case of Turkey is nearly the entire available market. Alcohol is also banned from the Muslim diet, including any products that contain small volumes of alcohol in production or as an ingredient to produce a final food product. Muslim consumers also will reject products that use gelatine as a stabilizer or a main ingredient, which has implications for preserving or ensuring the integrity of a complex food product. Because of the dietary restrictions identified in Turkey, the most viable expansion strategy for this new market is vertical expansion. Under this strategy, the business will seek out companies that produce the intermediate goods that assist the company in distributing and marketing its finished products and acquire them. There is a pre-existing commercial infrastructure in Turkey and many surrounding nations that support large volumes of Muslim consumers that assist in distribution of halal products (those that are considered clean and appropriate for consumption) as well as manufacture of suitable food products under religious doctrine. Through acquisition, the business will gain the knowledge and expertise of existing staff and management post-purchase and will not have to incur the high costs of asset development by constructing its own, wholly-managed production and distribution centres from the ground up. The business should also consider lateral expansion, which is the acquisition of smaller firms that produce like products. This allows the business to achieve the necessary economies of scale that will bring the business model more cost efficiency whilst also establishing the framework for production, distributio n and allow the business to capitalise on the potential brand strength of these smaller acquired firms. Since this company does not have an established brand presence in this mostly Muslim market, there would be considerable time investment and expenditure to utilise appropriate promotions and build a